Transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and. Csspl3 and csspl14 were characterized, and csakin10 was identified to be interactive with csspl14. In the present study, we cloned and characterized fvspl10, the ortholog of. Despite substantial progresses recently achieved in arabidopsis and other plant species, information regarding the involvement of. As a class of developmentrelated plantspecific transcription factor tf, the most common feature of squamosapromoter binding proteinlike spl tfs is that they all contain a highly conserved dna binding domain. Mir156 is a negative regulator in many developmental processes by repressing specific spl transcription factors at the mrna level 484950. We showed that the citrus spl was able promote flowering independently. A complex of the mobile ft protein and the bzip transcription factor fd in turn has a central role in activating genes that execute the switch from vegetative to reproductive development. High levels of mir156 in young plants prevent precocious flowering. In citrus, the mrna levels of the gene were significantly altered by fruit load in buds. Spl genes are posttranscriptionally downregulated by mir156 after hs1, and this is critical for hs1 memory. Computational identification of novel micrornas and their.
Two zinc fingerlike structures and a nuclear location signal nls segments were existed in the sbp domains of all blspls. Genomewide characterization of spl family in medicago truncatula. We believe that the maize spl gene family holds great potential to modulate plant architecture tailored for highdensity planting. Identification of mirnas involved in fruit ripening in. Orchestration of floral initiation by apetala1 science. Pdf mir156regulated spl transcription factors define an. The squamosa promoter bindinglike spl transcription factors are involved in the regulation of panicle development. Expression pattern of fttfl1 and mir156targeted spl genes. Many of its targets encode transcriptional regulators, including known floral.
Here, a total of 59 spl genes classified into eight phylogenetic groups were identified in b. Genomic organization, phylogenetic comparison, and expression. Additionally, in all the differentially expressed genes between the overexpression line and control, only spl transcription factors were predicted as. Negative regulation of anthocynanin biosynthesis in. Micrornas prevent precocious gene expression and enable. The highly conserved plant microrna, mir156, is an essential regulator for plant development. Environmental sensitivity varies across developmental phases in flowering plants. During the vegetative phase transition, which accompanies a reduction of. Here we reveal that microrna156targeted squamosa promoter binding proteinlike spl. The phenotype of plants overexpressing mir156 demonstrates that these genes control many aspects of plant development and physiology, but the functions of individual mir156 regulated spl genes, and how their expression is regulated by mir156, are largely unknown. In response to shading, plants accelerate flowering.
We propose that during early development, high mir156 levels reduce the ability of ftfd to induce flowering by repressing spl activity. Although many spl genes have been well characterized in model plants like arabidopsis, rice and tomato, the functions of spls in strawberry are still largely elusive. Genomewide identification and characterization of spl transcription factor family and their evolution and expression profiling analysis in cotton. Expression pattern of fttfl1 and mir156targeted spl. It is intriguing that the spl s, in addition to being posttranscriptionally regulated by mir156, are also targets of the ft fd transcription factor complex. Jan 29, 2017 squamosa promoterbinding proteinlike spl genes form a major family of plantspecific transcription factors and play an important role in plant growth and development. Transcription factors that control early steps of the development of lateral organs, such as leaves, also appear to have roles in tomato flower and fruit development. Oglycosylation of spl transcription factors regulates plant. The panicle architecture determines the grain yield and quality of rice, which could be regulated by many transcriptional factors.
Here we describe the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the transcripts of mir156regulated spl genes, the expression patterns of. Mediator is a large multiprotein complex that is required for the transcription of most, if not all, genes transcribed by rna polymerase ii. The phenotype of plants overexpressing mir156 demonstrates that these genes control many aspects of plant development and physiology, but the functions of individual mir156regulated spl genes, and how their expression is regulated by mir156. We also found that mir156regulated spl genes repress adventitious root development, providing an explanation for the observation that the capacity for adventitious root production declines as the shoot ages. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is regulated by numerous transcription factors. Temporal control of trichome distribution by microrna156. The micrornaregulated sbpbox transcription factor spl3 is a direct upstream activator of leafy, fruitfull, and apetala1. In plants, the transition from juvenile to adult and later to reproductive phase is controlled by an endogenous pathway regulated by mir156. Cold spring harbor laboratory, cold spring harbor, ny 11724, usa. Interaction of mir156 spl with vernalization and ga pathways. Time to flower, a process either referring to juvenileadult phase change or vegetativereproductive transition, is strictly controlled by an intricate regulatory network involving at least both fttfl1 and the micro rna mir156regulated spl family members. The med30 subunit of mediator complex is essential for early.
Gradual increase of mir156 regulates temporal expression. Genotype leaves average range experiment 1 short day. Thresholddependent repression of spl gene expression by. To understand the mechanism of mir156modulated drought stress tolerance in alfalfa we used genotypes with altered expression.
Request pdf mir156regulated spl transcription factors define an endogenous flowering pathway in arabidopsis thaliana the ft gene. Micrornas mirnas are a class of endogenous, noncoding, short rnas directly involved in regulating gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Temporally regulated micrornas have been identified as master regulators of developmental timing in both animals and plants. Roles of the spl gene family and mir156 in the salt stress.
Genomewide analysis of the splmir156 module and its. The squamosa promoter bindinglike spl transcription factors are involved in the regulation of panicle development, which are targeted by mir156 and mir529. Catalpa bungei is a valuable ornamental tree with a long cultivation history in china, and a deeper understanding of the floral transition mechanism in c. Our work demonstrated the posttranscription regulation of mir156targeted. In arabidopsis arabidopsis thaliana, mir156 modulates phase changing through its temporal expression in the shoot. We previously found a singlegene recessive mutant sst, which displayed increased salt tolerance and glabrous leaf and glume without trichomes, and identified an sbpbox gene osspl10 as the candidate of the sst gene. Spl genes are posttranscriptionally downregulated by mir156 after hs, and this is critical for hs memory.
Of the 15 putative citrus spl transcripts, 10 contained sequences. Genomewide identification and characterization of spl. Squamosa promoterbinding proteinlike spl, as plant specific transcription factors, is involved in many plant growth and development processes. In contrast to the gradual decrease over time in the shoot or whole plant, we found that the mir156 level in rice oryza sativa gradually increased from young leaf to old. In early leaves, mir319targeted tcp transcription factors interfere with the function of mir164dependent and mir164independent cuc proteins, preventing the formation of serrations in a.
Sep 19, 20 mulberry trees are the primary food source for silkworms, which are reared for the production of silk. Oct, 2015 small rna revealed by highthroughput sequencing in the banana fruit. Wang jw, czech b and weigel d 2009 mir156 regulated spl transcription factors define an endogenous flowering pathway in arabidopsis thaliana. Osspl10, a sbpbox gene, plays a dual role in salt tolerance. Here, we show that mir159 is required for the correct timing of vegetative. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the mir156regulated spls are major factors that allow a. However, despite having been sought since the 1930s, the exact nature of. Summarythe ft gene integrates several external and endogenous cues controlling flowering, including information on day length. Spl proteins are putative transcription factors, which have a plantspecific sbp domain consisting of 76 amino acids in length cardon et al. We also found that mir156 regulated spl genes repress adventitious root development, providing an explanation for the observation that the capacity for adventitious root production declines as the. Developmental functions of mir156regulated squamosa promoter.
Genomic organization, phylogenetic comparison, and. Spl transcription factors are plantspecific transcription factors of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism. Jan 15, 2018 genomewide identification and characterization of spl transcription factor family and their evolution and expression profiling analysis in cotton. To understand the mechanism of mir156modulated drought stress tolerance in alfalfa we used genotypes with altered expression levels of. In plants, vegetative development is regulated by a temporal decrease in mir156 level, but how this decreased expression is initiated and then maintained during shoot development remains elusive.
Spl345 integrate developmental aging and photoperiodic. Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors limiting rice production. Author summary in arabidopsis, mir156 acts by repressing the expression of 10 squamosa promotor binding proteinlike spl genes. Development and evolution of agedependent defenses in ant. Mir156regulated spl transcription factors define an endogenous flowering pathway in arabidopsis thaliana.
Microrna 157targeted spl genes regulate floral organ size and ovule production in cotton. They also interact with fd, thus mediating the ap1 activation by recruiting the ftfd complex. Long noncoding rnas lncrnas have crucial roles in various biological regulatory processes. Here, we demonstrate that mir172 modulates the developmental. Mzmine2 software 88 was also used for lcms metabolite mass detection. In plants, developmental timing is coordinately regulated by a complex signaling network that integrates diverse intrinsic and extrinsic signals. In bread wheat, it was found that the mir156spl module regulated bread wheat. Genomewide analysis of long noncoding rnas in catalpa. Multiple sbp domain sequences alignment was performed using jalview software. Artemisinin, an important compound produced by artemisia annua, is the active ingredient in the treatment of malaria.
In contrast to the gradual decrease over time in the shoot or whole plant, we found that the mir156 level in rice oryza sativa gradually increased from young leaf to old leaf. The squamosa promoterbinding protein sbpboxlike transcription factors spls change plant architecture and vegetativetoreproductive phase transition significantly, and as such, they are promising candidates for genetic improvement of switchgrass biomass yield. Mir529a modulates panicle architecture through regulating. We also found that mir156 regulated spl genes repress adventitious root development, providing an explanation for the observation that the capacity for adventitious root production declines as the shoot ages. Developmental functions of mir156regulated squamosa. Jul 30, 2019 this network of the temporally regulated micrornas mir156 and mir157 and their transcription factor targets, members of the squamosa promoterbinding protein like spl gene family, is responsible for agedependent changes in multiple vegetative traits 17, 18.
The phenotype of plants overexpressing mir156 demonstrates that these genes control many aspects of plant development and physiology, but the functions of individual mir156regulated spl genes, and how their expression is regulated by mir156, are largely unknown. However, the study of lncrnas is limited in woody plants. However, there is less systematical study for spl transcription factor in b. Frontiers molecular characterization of squamosa promoter. Aug 18, 2009 these results strongly suggest that mir156 regulated sbp transcription factors, including spl3, spl4, and spl5, are required for upregulation of lfy, ful, and ap1 in arabidopsis. We propose that spl345 act synergistically with the ftfd module in flowering induction, providing a molecular knob that links developmental aging and. We next wanted to test whether, consistent with the observed molecular phenotype, 35s. Dual effects of mir156targeted spl genes and cyp78a5kluh on plastochron length and organ size in arabidopsis thaliana. Regulation of flowering time by spl10med25 module in. It is known to be grafttransmissible, and even functions between species. The spl345 transcriptional activators bind to ap1 promoter. As plants age, accumulation of mir156regulated spls acts as a timing cue that destabilizes tcpcuc interactions. Supplemental data mir156regulated spl transcription.
This study reveals that arabidopsis fhy3 and far1 act to prevent precocious flowering by directly interacting with and interfering with the dnabinding activity of three floweringpromoting transcription factors, spl345, and consequently downregulating the expression levels of fruitful, leafy, apetala1, and mir172c, thus delaying flowering. The micrornaregulated sbpbox transcription factor spl3 is a. In this study, we report the identification of 41 spl genes gmspls in the soybean genome. The madsdomain transcription factor apetala1 ap1 is a key regulator of arabidopsis flower development. Glabrousness is a trait of agronomic importance in rice oryza sativa l. Spl genes not only act downstream of ftfd, but also define a separate endogenous flowering pathway. Temporal control of leaf complexity by mirnaregulated. Altogether, the mir156 spl module mediates the response to recurring hs1 in arabidopsis thaliana and thus may serve to integrate stress responses with development. Delay of germination1 dog1 regulates both seed dormancy and. This result therefore suggests that greater than a 100to200fold excess of mir156 is required to completely repress spl genes. Transcription factors tfs play an essential role in regulatory networks. Arabidopsis mir156 regulates tolerance to recurring. We demonstrated that spl345 potentiate the ftfd module in photoperiodic flowering. Repression of mir156 by mir159 regulates the timing of the.
Comparative genome analysis of the spl gene family reveals. Genes of the spl family are known to play a role in flowering regulation and phase transition. Spl transcription factors have been reported as mir156 157 targets in many species 42, and degradome sequencing also demonstrated that ghspls are targets of mir156 157 in cotton 43, 56. In young plants, production of spl proteins is prevented by high levels of microrna156. A group of related regulators, the spl proteins, play an important role in promoting the onset of flowering. Multiple sequences were aligned using dnaman software version 5. In the juvenile phase, microrna156 mir156mediated repression of squamosa promoterbinding proteinlike spl transcription factors renders arabidopsis plants incompetent to floral inductive signals, including longday ld photoperiod. Selection pressure causes differentiation of the spl gene family in.
May 27, 2017 mir529a affects rice panicle architecture by targeting osspl2,osspl14 and osspl17 genes that could regulate their downstream panicle related genes. These spl genes can be classified into two major groups, represented by spl3 and spl9, respectively cardon et al. Switchgrass sbp box transcription factors pvspl1 and 2. In this study, 18 spl genes were identified and cloned from betula luminifera. A complex of the mobile ft protein and the bzip transcription factor fd in turn has a central role in activating genes that.
Pdf the spbbox transcription factor aaspl2 positively. Previous article nanog is the gateway to the pluripotent ground state. May 27, 2015 we recently identified a citrus gene encoding squamosa promoter binding proteinlike spl transcription factor that contained a sequence complementary to mir156. Links wang q, liu j, wang y, zhao y, jiang h and cheng b 2015 systematic analysis of the maize phdfinger gene family reveals a subfamily involved in abiotic stress eesponse. Microrna 157targeted spl genes regulate floral organ size. The sbp consists of two znfingerlike structures and one nuclear localization signal motif, which is approximately 76.
Florigen or flowering hormone is the hypothesized hormonelike molecule responsible for controlling andor triggering flowering in plants. Spl transcription factors share a highly conserved dna binding domain named. Besides these differences in the numbers of genes, spl transcription factors also. This is known as the squamosapromoterbinding sbp domain. Plant specific transcription factors, squamosa promoterbinding proteinlike. As a major family of plantspecific transcription factors, squamosa promoter binding proteinlike spl genes play vital regulatory roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. Termfinderopen source software for accessing gene ontology information and finding significantly enriched gene ontology. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ap1 function, we identified its target genes during floral initiation using a combination of gene expression profiling and genomewide binding studies.
Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by the spl9 subfamily the arabidopsis genome contains 11 spl genes that are targeted by mir156. A complex of the mobile ft protein and the bzip transcription factor fd in turn has a central role in activating genes that execute the switch from. Jasmonic acid, one of the phytohormones, is an important elicitor of artemisinin biosynthesis by enhancing transcription levels of transcription factors. Florigen is produced in the leaves, and acts in the shoot apical meristem of buds and growing tips. Squamosa promoterbinding proteinlike spl genes form a major family of plantspecific transcription factors and play an important role in plant growth and development. Negative regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in. The fact that several maize spl genes ub3, lg1, and tga1 are subject to selection during maize domestication and improvement supports the importance of maize spl genes in shaping plant. In a cool spring, flowering might be delayed compared to a warm spring, even though the change in day length marches on regardless of temperature. Noncanonical regulation of spl transcription factors by a. Regulation of temperatureresponsive flowering by madsbox. The disruption of mir156 mediated regulation of two redundant squamosa promoterbinding proteinlike spl transcription factors was both responsible for the premature gene expression observed in dcl1 embryos and partially required for the dcl1 embryo patterning defects. Microrna 157targeted spl genes regulate floral organ size and ovule production in. Fhy3 and far1 integrate light signals with the mir156spl.
High conservation of mirnas in plant provides the foundation for identification of new mirnas in other plant species through homology alignment. The expression profile demonstrated that mir529a is preferentially expressed in the early panicle of rice and it might regulate panicle development in rice. The med30 subunit of mediator complex is essential for. The ft gene integrates several external and endogenous cues controlling flowering, including information on day length. Squamosapromoter binding proteinlike spl proteins are plantspecific transcript factors that play essential roles in plant growth and development. The interplay between mir156spl and dfrwd401 regulate. Arabidopsis mir156 regulates tolerance to recurring environmental stress through spl transcription factors. Newly discovered signaling pathway ensures that plants. Here, previous known plant mirnas were blasted against the expressed sequence tag est and genomic. Exploiting spl genes to improve maize plant architecture. This observation suggests that the mir156 regulatory site is not.
Genomewide profile studies of the spl family in plant species have. It also regulates adult development along with mir156, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are not fully understood. Delay of germination1 dog1 regulates both seed dormancy. The med30 subunit is essential in animal systems, but is absent in yeast. Cell 8, 738749, 2009 sujatha subbanna induction of proteinprotein interactions in live cells using light m. Temporal control of trichome distribution by microrna156targeted spl genes in arabidopsis thaliana w oa nan yu,a,b,1 wenjuan cai,a,b,1 shucai wang,c chunmin shan,a,b lingjian wang,a and xiaoya chena,2 a national key laboratory of plant molecular genetics, institute of plant physiology and ecology, shanghai institutes for biological sciences, 200032 shanghai, p. Next article the sequential action of mir156 and mir172 regulates developmental timing in arabidopsis.
494 409 735 530 883 1389 853 459 43 279 1286 1321 52 381 926 950 1229 849 609 844 925 628 1012 868 675 1091 783 1498 562 1389 323 494 219 529 119 580 978 619 716